Wednesday, October 26, 2011

How Indoor Air Pollution Works

The air we breathe leaves much to be desired. Coal plants belch harmful CO2, 18-wheelers spew filthy exhaust and cows add methane to the mix. Sometimes just looking out your window at all the pollution may be enough to make you shun the outdoors

Indoor air quality may be even worse than outdoor air quality. Gas mask anyone?

But what's inside may be even worse. Indoor air pollution, the degradation of indoor air quality by harmful chemicals and other materials, can be up to 10 times worse than outdoor air pollution [source: Dunn]. This is because contained areas enable potential pollutants to build up more than open spaces do. You can easily visualize this if you think about dumping a gallon of oil into the ocean versus dumping a gallon into your bathtub. The oil in the ocean will dissipate and be diluted within the massive volume of water. That same oil in your bathtub will linger because it has nowhere else to go. The same thing happens with pollutants released into a small enclosed area, like your home or office.
You may think indoor air pollution doesn't apply to you. After all, you live nowhere near a highway, farm or industrial plant. You don't smoke and you don't use a wood-burning stove. But indoor air pollution comes from some places you wouldn't normally think of, like your house, the land it's sitting on and everyday items you can purchase at the store. In addition, if you consider that people spend approximately 90 percent of their time indoors, and around 65 percent inside their homes in particular, you can see why indoor air pollution is an important issue [source: Dunn].

Some of the side effects caused by indoor air pollution are little worse than those of the common cold, but long-term exposure can lead to a coma, lung cancer, and death. Got your attention, yet? Learn more about some of the causes of indoor air pollution next.

Indoor Air Pollution Meters
Human beings love tests, and to satisfy that craving, indoor air pollution meters on the market claim to measure the levels of pollutants in your home. One of these is TerrEssentials' Home Air Quality Test Kit, which tests for the presence of mold, fungus, bacteria, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. You also can have professionals do the testing for you.

Water is the source of life - treasure it! R5.

Water is the source of life - treasure it! R5.

Water is the source of all life on earth. It touches every area of our lives. Without it, we could not thrive — we could not even survive.

Sustainability – “We strive to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.

We should discourage wastefulness and misuse, and promote efficiency and conservation.

"Conservation is really the cheapest source of supply,"

For the benefit of mankind, maintain the quality of life and preserve the peace and tranquility of world population. Water resources must be preserved - to sustain humanity. We must eliminate wasteful utilization of water, conserve our water sources and implement rigid conservation methods. We should utilize solar and or other source of renewable energy to operate desalinization projects from the oceans. Utilize renewable energy sources to purify and transport the water to its final destination. As world population increases the scarcity of water will become a cause for conflict, unless we take steps now to develop other sources of water for drinking, rainwater harvesting – storm-water and gray-water utilization. Designing of landscaping that uses minimal amount of water.
"With power shortages and a water scarcity a constant threat across the West, it's time to look at water and energy in a new way,"
To preserve the future generations sustainability, we should look into urban farming – vertical farming. The term "urban farming" may conjure up a community garden where locals grow a few heads of lettuce. But some academics envision something quite different for the increasingly hungry world of the 21st century: a vertical farm that will do for agriculture what the skyscraper did for office space. Greenhouse giant: By stacking floors full of produce, a vertical farm could rake in $18 million a year.

"To succeed, you have to believe in something with such a passion that it becomes a reality."

YJ Draiman, Energy, Telecom and water conservation consultant
March 31, 2011
PS.

Hydro dynamics: forget oil. Sharing freshwater equitably poses political conundrums as explosive and far-reaching as global climate change.

Quoted from other sources

Anyone who has ever stood on a beach and looked out into the vast expanse of an ocean knows that there is a lot of water on this planet. In fact, 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water. It may seem like water is all around us, but safe, clean, reliable drinking water is not a ceaseless resource. The problems facing drinking water range from failing infrastructure, to climate change, to insufficient supplies.

Personal Conservation

Preserving our water resources is not a job for water industry professionals alone. We all have a vested interest in ensuring that water remains safe, affordable and available. Therefore, each individual American has a responsibility to monitor and control their water use, There are many simple ways for people to reduce excess water use, lower water bills and protect the environment, especially in die spring and summer months, Beyond the standard constraints of watering the lawn only when necessary and washing car wisely by using soap and a bucket of water, some steps include: draining water lines to outside faucets, disconnecting hoses, shutting off outdoor water sources during cold weather and running a small trickle of water on whiter nights to prevent pipe from freezing.

Conclusion

Water supply management is an issue that affects us all. It may not be apparent to every citizen today, but with climate change and population shifts transforming the United States, it soon will be. Effective solutions need to be put into place today before we are faced with a water crisis. A focus on careful planning, treatments, innovations and conservation measures will help to create stability for long-term water management. Commitment to keeping water at the top of the list for communities and citizens will better prepare us for whatever the future of water holds.

WATER!

The indispensable source of life-without water there would be no industry, no agriculture and, most importantly of all, no life. In dry parts of the world this essential commodity is even more precious. Almost all human actions involve water from taking a shower to reading a newspaper to driving a car or simply eating a sandwich - almost everything we do or touch is somehow related to this precious treasure. We ask that you stop and think how you use water and what you can do to conserve this essential natural resource.

*Water, beliefs and customs,

*Water as a vehicle of the economy,

*Water, source of art and life, irrigation and cultivation.

The people have decided to act to try and develop a real awareness program on the theme of water preservation and distribution in an attempt to help maintain the original purity of rivers and streams.

In many parts of the world water sources and wells are not equally distributed. Water as a source of life can also be at the source of conflict.
Whether we live in India, Iceland or the Atlas… we have always tried to trap and tame water. Dams, pumps, canals, water treatment centers; there are so many different ways to exploit this resource that we often forget how fragile this unique and essential treasure actually is.

Unfortunately, many of the things we do every day can harm our water. That’s why all people and government should be working with municipalities, farmers, business leaders and developers just like you to take action to protect our water and clean it up.

Small changes can make a big difference. This guide outlines practical things we can all do to preserve and protect our water. We all need to be part of the solution.

Concentrated Solar Power, which requires no solar panels at all. It works by concentrating sunlight onto a small pipe using cheap parabolic reflectors. The pipe contains a liquid that’s heated to very high temperatures by the sun and drives a steam boiler that rotates a turbine to generate electricity (much like nuclear power plants, but without the nuclear waste). It’s cheap, low-tech, and far more affordable than solar power. Plus, it can be built in practically any desert, so it doesn’t take up valuable land. As another bonus, when CSP operations are built near the ocean, they can desalinate ocean water as a side effect, providing fresh water for irrigation to grow food. This is the only renewable energy technology I know of that can produce cheap energy, fresh water and crop irrigation all at the same time. Plus, it has no emissions, no toxic chemicals, no nuclear waste and very little environmental impact..

“You can’t escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today” - Abraham Lincoln said it.

“That man is richest whose pleasures are the cheapest” – Henry David Thoreau.

“To waste, to destroy, our natural resources, to skin and exhaust the land instead of using it so as to increase its usefulness, will result in undermining in the days of our children the very prosperity which we ought by right to hand down to them amplified and developed” – Theodore Roosevelt.

“When the ‘study of the household’ (ecology) and the ‘management of the household’ (economics) can be merged, and when ethics can be extended to include ‘environmental’ as well as human values, then we can be optimistic about the future of mankind. Accordingly, bringing together these three E’s is the ultimate holism and the great challenge for our future” – Eugene Odum.

Water, it’s been said, is the "oil of the 21st century" -- a commodity whose availability and quality may be subject to both known and unknown influences. For companies, that poses significant risks, and many companies are making water a strategic issue, creating water management plans that include efficiency and conservation as well as contingency plans should water become less available or more costly. Many firms are examining their products, policies, and processes through the lens of a world in which the availability of water becomes a constraint to doing business.

Utility Savers 2 - Electric, Gas, Telecom, Cable/Dish, Utility Bill Auditing, Energy, and Water/Sewer Audits

Utility Savers 2 Business Services is a team of management consultants and utility auditors specializing in utility cost reduction, cost containment and vendor service contract optimization, as well as utility bill and service auditing. In this economy, where every penny counts, the Utility Savers 2 team of experts is saving money for businesses across the nation, by analyzing gas, electric, telecom, trash billing, water and sewer and other monthly expenses, and providing cost saving recommendations. Utility Savers 2 is the leader in reducing costs, water and trash expenses auditing and utility billing. They also continue to monitor your bills for the life of your contract. Their team of consultants and auditors handles everything, subject to your approval! If Utility Savers 2 cannot save your business money, there is no fee! That is why they say, “You save-Utility Savers 2 works.”

No Up-front Costs; No Up-front Fees

Our contingency-fee services offer businesses a risk-free opportunity to save money by reducing their monthly operational costs. We find cost-saving opportunities and we negotiate for our clients to ensure they get the best rates on business services. Utility Savers 2 works to save you money two ways; recovering overcharges and reducing future operating expenses. Contact us for a free no-risk analysis of your utility bills. 818-366-6999 – YJ Draiman

Tuesday, October 25, 2011

LADWP - PRIVATE WATER SUB-METER PROGRAM

City of Los Angeles Sewer Services

Sewer Charges

PRIVATE WATER SUB-METER PROGRAM

SEWER SERVICE CHARGES BASED UPON PRIVATE SUB-METER READINGS
FOUR DWELLING UNITS AND FEWER ON A SINGLE WATER METER

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

The City Council authorized a new procedure in 1996 that allows the City of Los Angeles sewer system customers to use data from private water sub-meters in the calculation of their sewer service charges (SSC). The program is totally optional and the customer will bear all costs associated with it. The program requires that the customer's plumbing be configured to separate the water distribution lines on the customer's property which drain to the sewer ("tributary lines") from those which do not drain to the sewer ("nontributary lines"). In the residential situation, tributary lines serve interior (domestic) uses, and nontributary lines serve exterior (primarily irrigation) uses. The customer may install the private sub-meter on either the tributary or the nontributary line. Hose bibs may remain attached to the tributary line, but no credit against the SSC will be given.

The present SSC system bases the SSC on a percentage of the volume of water delivered through the City meter and uses an estimating procedure to determine the nontributary percentage. The private sub-meter will substitute actual data for the estimate. Thus, the program should benefit many customers who use a greater than average volume of water for irrigation than average nontributary uses.

Since data from the private sub-meter will provide the best available estimate of the sewage flow generated from a customer's property, the City's base rate of $2.66 per hundred cubic feet (hcf) of sewage will be applied to the readings of a private sub-meter (on the tributary line), or the difference between the readings of the Department of Water and Power (DWP) meter and a private sub-meter (on the nontributary line), to allocate the customer's SSC bill. The $2.66 represents the City's cost to treat one hcf of sewage flow.

To receive a complete information package customers may write to the

Bureau of Sanitation:

Attention:

Residential SSC, PO Box 79083, Los Angeles, CA 90079-0083

or
Commercial SSC, PO Box 79112, Los Angeles, CA 90079-0112

Utility Savers Telecom consulting & audits Etc.

Utility Savers Telecom consulting & audits Etc.

Do you find the charges, fees, taxes, etc., that appear on your local or long distance telephone bills confusing?

Most people don't take the time to review them; they assume everything is correct.

Have you tried ordering lines, services or telephone equipment? Do you understand the choices available; are you aware of contract and marketplace traps?

We have saved intelligent consumers, just like you, thousands of dollars. If you believe in that old adage "waste not want not", give us a chance to review your bills and order your services and equipment. Give us the opportunity to show you how to save your hard earned money!;

Utility Savers Consultantants

TELECOM MADE EASY

We will review your local telephone bills to ensure:

your are not billed for services you do not need
there are no duplicate charges
you are aware of any/all opportunities to change existing service that would save you money
you are not being billed by unknown companies, who charge you minimum monthly charges, tax and fees, but provide no service.

We will review your long distance telephone bills to ensure:

you are receiving the best rates available
you are aware of possible long distance abuse/fraud
your long distance company has not been changed without your knowledge

We can assist you in making additions or changes to your services and equipment.

We will work with your architect, engineer, contractor or designing firm to prevent costly mistakes in setting up your equipment and network services, before you build/move.

Working with us before you build or move can save you thousands!

Here are a few of the services we will oversee and advise on:

Dedicated circuit/line requirements
Relay rack access
Raised flooring considerations
Ladder rack routing
Conduit capacities
Routing pathways
Follow-up on your first bill for accuracy
Monthly bill review
Provide the best options on contracts

and the list goes on...

Basic rates jump, but so do potential savings from calling plans and new providers

Major carriers’ interstate long distance basic rates have risen steeply, according to the latest Long Distance Rates Survey of 21 carriers and 47 discount calling plans. Basic rates, the highest rates paid by customers not on a calling plan, jumped 17.5% in one year at the Big Three carriers (AT&T, MCI and Sprint).
Besides the steep jump in basic rates to as high as 35¢ per minute for weekday, daytime calls (Big Three), Consumer Action (CA) found large increases for:

Calling card calls: The cost of placing a 10-minute weekday, daytime calling card call from Chicago to Los Angeles, using each company’s own card and access number, jumped 30% to $11.40 using MCI, 26.8% to $10.15 using Sprint and 42.8% to $5 for Verizon. AT&T’s charge for carrying the call ($10.15) is unchanged since last year, as is SBC’s ($4.25).
The total for these calls includes the per-call surcharge: this year, MCI’s surcharge rose from $1.25 per call to $1.50 and Sprint’s from 99¢ to $1.25. Surcharges levied by AT&T ($1.25) and SBC (75¢) remained the same. Verizon reports that it does not have a per-call surcharge on calling card calls.
Collect calls: The cost of a 10-minute, daytime collect call from Chicago to Los Angeles dialed using Big Three toll-free collect call access numbers shot up 52% across the board since last year. All three companies charged the same rate and implement-ed the same increase—from $8.49 to $12.89.
The cost for this collect call when you ask the operator to help is even higher: $15.40 for AT&T; $16.44 for MCI and $14.40 for Sprint. The cost of an operator-assisted collect call has remained steady for AT&T and Sprint—MCI increased its cost 18% since a year ago.
Directory assistance: In one year, the cost of asking for directory assistance by dialing the area code plus 555-1212 jumped 25% to $2.49 for MCI and Sprint customers. SBC customers, now paying $1.40 per call, have seen a whopping 47% increase. AT&T ($1.99) and Verizon ($1.25) remain the same.

CA also uncovered an international calling trap that could double, even triple the cost of overseas calls. If the number you are calling belongs to a cell phone, the Big Three and many other companies add a per-minute “international mobile termination charge” to their rates.
In a worst case scenario, AT&T and Sprint customers using a discount international calling plan with rates of 9¢ per minute to the United Kingdom would end up paying 31¢ per minute if calling a cell phone because of the 22¢ per-minute surcharge added by both companies.
Linda Sherry, who conducted the survey, noted that most people are used to the notion that when calling a cell phone, the cell phone’s owner pays for the call. “This isn’t true everywhere overseas,” she noted, “which makes this a costly trap for the unwary.”
This year Consumer Action looked at 47 state-to-state long distance calling plans. (See a list of all interstate long distance calling plans) Of the calling plans surveyed, 31 (or 66%) had monthly fees, 11 (or 23%) had no fee and 5 (or 11%) had monthly minimum spending requirements. Monthly fees ranged from 75¢ (Big Zoo) to $59.99 (MCI’s Neighborhood Complete). Minimum spending requirements ranged from $5 to $10.
Calling plan rates ranged from 2.5¢ to 11.5¢ per minute.
The plans fall into several categories:

One-rate plans. These plans offer one per-minute rate around the clock.
Two-rate plans. These plans offer two rates—typically, a higher per-minute rate applies in the daytime and a lower rate in the evening, at night and on weekends.
Online plans. These plans require that customers set up service through the company’s web site, and often include an online billing requirement and automatic credit card payment.
“Buckets of minutes” plans. These plans give you a certain number of long distance minutes per month for one charge. When you use more than your allowance of minutes, a slightly higher per-minute rate applies for additional minutes. If you don’t use all the minutes in one month, you lose them—unused minutes don’t roll over to the next month.
Prepaid plans. These plans require that customers pay in advance for long distance minutes.
“Unlimited” plans. This new twist allows you unlimited calls in return for a set monthly fee.
“Unlimited plans are a new concept to hit the market since we last surveyed long distance rates,” noted Sherry. “Two plans like this showed up. AT&T has a plan that allows you unlimited minutes when talking to other AT&T customers, while you pay 7¢ per minute for calls to other people. MCI’s Neighborhood is a package of phone services that includes unlimited state-to-state long distance as well as local phone service and other optional services such as call waiting. Both have hefty monthly fees.”

Save up to 72%

CA analyzed how much Big Three customers can save by having a calling plan and found that savings of up to 72% are possible if you avoid paying the three companies’ highest basic rates. Using the same calling basket of 126 minutes of interstate calls it has tracked for 17 years, CA found that AT&T customers could save between $21.93-$25.20 per month, MCI customers between $13.80-$18.91 and Sprint customers $12.15-$24.88 just by enrolling in one of their calling plans.
To assist consumers in shopping for long distance service, CA compiles a chart of the lowest per-minute plan rates. Appearing on the interstate long distance calling plans, this year’s chart features six online plans with interstate rates of 4.5¢ to 9¢ per minute. Internet sign-up and automatic credit card billing usually are required for online calling plans.To assist consumers in shopping for long distance service, CA compiles a chart of the lowest per-minute plan rates. Appearing on pages 4 and 5, this year’s chart features six online plans with interstate rates of 4.5¢ to 9¢ per minute. Internet sign-up and automatic credit card billing usually are required for online calling plans.
“If you’re willing to use the Internet for sign-up, billing and even customer service via e-mail, you can find substantial savings because none of the plans we list have monthly fees,” said Sherry.

Prepaid providers

This year two online prepaid long distance providers have been added to the survey.
BigZoo and OneSuite operate strictly via their web sites, selling prepaid long distance time charged to a credit or debit card. (See interstate calling plans for more details about their services.)
Both services require customers to use either a toll-free or local access number and a personal identification number (PIN). However, they offer automatic PIN recognition, which can save the trouble of dialing the PIN when calling from your home phone. (To make using the access numbers easier, you can use your phone’s speed dialer.)
Sherry said these services have advantages, including lower rates and not having to worry about an unexpectedly large bill. “You can really budget your long distance charges by using a prepaid service,” she said.
The services can be used from any phone, although a payphone surcharge applies.

Long distance comparison sites try to sell you—but that may not be a bad thing

By Michael Iacuessa
With slumping sales causing major long distance carriers to raise rates and fees, consumers have more incentive than ever to search for an inexpensive provider. When consumers go shopping for long distance deals on the web, they often end up at one of the many web sites run by telecom brokers who make money from commissions.
Many of the lowest long distance rates around are offered by companies that buy time in bulk from the major carriers and resell it to the public. By some estimates, there are hundreds of companies selling long distance services and this can make it difficult for consumers to find the carrier that best suits their calling patterns.
To fill that need, many web sites have emerged to offer comparisons between providers, including lists of companies with the cheapest rates and consumer information on long distance service. The sites also direct shoppers to certain providers in exchange for a commission. That may raise questions of reliability but the owners say they have consumers’ best interests in mind.
William Van Hefner, president of The Digest, an on-line newsletter covering the telecommunications industry, said comparison web sites make money on “click-throughs.” That is when a shopper is directed to and signs up with a long distance company via the comparison web site.
The Digest’s sister site, Telcom-pare.com, started in 1999, is an agent for 20 to 30 long distance companies. Van Hefner insists it makes little difference to his company which one a consumer selects because all pay his company the same click-through rate.
“I don’t have any reason to choose one over the other,” he said. “So I would prefer ones that generate the least number of complaints and have a good reputation and customer service.”
While there are countless web sites offering long distance comparisons, Van Hefner said only a handful tend to get heavy traffic. He believes the successful ones are popular because they take a consumer-friendly approach.
At Telcompare.com, providers are ranked in the order customers find most popular. The site is picky about the providers it lists.

No slammers, crammers

“We won’t add someone if they have a history of repeated slamming or cramming,” said Van Hefner. Slamming is when a company takes over a person’s long distance service without permission. Cramming is when a customer is billed for services that were never authorized.
SaveOnPhone.com, by contrast, tries to be the most comprehensive long distance comparison site, listing every provider it knows to exist—even if the company does not offer commissions.
Like many others, SaveOnPhone has a rate calculator that allows you to type in information about your own calling patterns. It then returns a list of 10 long distance plans that might work for you.
Company vice-president Bill Hardekopf says the system is an objective one and does not favor firms that offer commissions to SaveOnPhone.
Calculations take into account in-state and state-to-state rates, billing increments, minimum charges and Universal Service Fund (USF) charges. (The USF is a fee companies must pay to the federal government to help provide phone and Internet service to schools and remote rural areas).
“The comparison sites tend to sell the plans of many of the same cut-rate long distance providers,” said Linda Sherry of Consumer Action. “Some sites seem to exist only to sell long distance, while others have a track record of providing objective information on how to select long distance service.”
Sherry advises that consumers visit several of the sites before conducting business with one. “It’s an educational process in itself to visit these sites.”
As a consumer advocate, Sherry has one sore point. “Some of the rate calculators ask for your entire phone number. They only need the area code and prefix to give you applicable rates. If you’re asked to type in your whole number, I’d look to see if the site has a strong privacy policy before continuing or you might be inviting telemarketers to call.”
While per-minute rate comparisons are usually obvious, other factors, such as billing increments can have quite an effect. Companies that bill in six-second increments instead of the standard one minute can shave your long distance bill considerably.
The USF fee also can vary from company to company. Providers are taxed 6.8% on what they collect but many pass a higher percentage on to consumers.
“Most of them charge a higher amount,” said Hardekopf, noting that major carriers charge consumers up to 11%. “That’s some of the fine print stuff some of the long distance providers are not up front about.”
ABTolls.com, another comparison site, puts each provider through a blind shopping test before choosing whether to list it. Currently, it lists 170 long distance companies.
“We actually call as an anonymous consumer to see how they represent themselves, to see whether or not they are responsive to the customer, including hold times,” said co-founder Dr. Marc-David Seidel.
Not all listed companies pay ABTolls a commission if a consumer signs up through the site, but the company does disclose which companies are sponsors.
ABTolls, started in 1997, is run by three partners—Seidel, Justin Pollock and Scott McCoy—all of whom have other full-time jobs. Seidel says new long distance companies usually find ABTolls on their own and ask to be listed. Other companies are recommended by the site’s users.
Seidel recommends that consumers who are seeking a new long distance provider should “look at the plan and make sure it makes sense for their calling patterns. They should understand what the hidden costs are. There’s a lot of companies out there that are just not reputable.”
ABTolls has a custom pricing tool (TollChaser.com) which offers net rates alongside the advertised rates. It asks visitors for an unusually in-depth calling profile, including the number of state-to-state and out-of-state calls, total monthly minutes and the time of day that calls are usually made. Seidel said recommending the best provider for each household is impossible without knowing these variables.

Pays to look closely

Even with the help of comparison sites, customers need to look pretty closely. The rates and terms can be different depending on where you live.
Some of the companies that are highly rated for value include Isterra, and Pioneer Telephone—sold only through resellers—and ZoneLD. But Isterra’s in-state rates can vary by up to 9¢ per minute. Ditto for Zone LD, which offers Wisconsin residents an in-state rate of 4.5¢ per minute but charges West Virginia residents 16.1¢ per minute on in-state calls.
Pioneer has low 4.9¢ per minute overseas rates to France and England, but requires automatic credit card billing.
“What’s good for one individual may not be good for someone else,” said Seidel, perhaps explaining why his sites have become so popular with consumers who find comparison shopping a time-consuming and tedious process.
Set your ‘sites’ for comparing discount long distance rates
AB Tolls(http://abtolls.com) For all plans featured, ABTolls displays actual per-minute rates and monthly costs after fees, surcharges, minimums and taxes have been figured in. From ABTolls, you can click through to its sister site, Tollchaser.com, which offers “customizable” rate comparisons based on details you provide about your long distance calling patterns.
Discount Long Distance Rates (www.discountlongdistancerates.com)
This site run by Rachael Hoffman allows you to browse its providers or use its online calculator to figure out a “good fit” before you click through to the company of your choice to seal the deal.
LD Wiz (http://ldwiz.com) Telecom consultant Bruce Galle provides detailed information for the plans he offers on his site, including in-state rates, intrastate rates and fees such as the Universal Service Fee (USF).
Lower My Bills (www.lowermybills.com) Recommends alternative providers to help consumers save on various bills, including long distance, and allows you to sign up online for the services of your choice.
Phone Bill Busters (www.phone-bill-busters.com) Represents discount long distance and cellular carriers and provides detailed information, including in-state rates, intrastate rates and fees such as the Universal Service Fee (USF).
Save On Phone (www.saveonphone.com) This site uses its own rating system that gives each carrier 100 points to start and deducts points for unfriendly consumer practices such as call rounding, minimum charges, monthly fees and higher-than-average fees and surcharges.
TelCompare (www.telcompare.com) The long distance plans sold on this site are chosen by William Van Hefner, founder of The Discount Long Distance Digest (www.thedigest.com), and he offers an “unconditional money-back guarantee” to consumers who purchase listed plans.

Interstate Calling Plans

ADELPHIA (888) 374-8444 • www.adelphia.com

Calling plan : Adelphia Long Distance

Type : One-rate plan
Monthly fee : None
Rate periods included : All
Plan description : Calls are 8¢ per minute. Calls are billed in six-second increments. Stand-alone billing only.

A T & T (800) 222-0300 • www.att.com

Calling plan : Unlimited Plan

Type : One-rate plan
Monthly fee : $19.95
Rate periods included : All
Plan description : ncludes unlimited calls to other AT&T long distance customers; calls to non-AT&T customers are 7¢ per minute.

Calling plan : One Rate 7¢ Plus

Type : One-rate plan
Monthly fee : $3.95
Rate periods included : All
Plan description : Calls are 7¢ per minute.

Calling plan : One Rate 10¢ Plan

Type : One-rate plan
Monthly fee : None. $5 minimum monthly usage requirement.
Rate periods included : All
Plan description : Calls are 10¢ per minute.

Calling plan : 5¢ eWeekends

Type : Online two-rate plan
Monthly fee : None. $5 minimum monthly usage requirement.
Rate periods included : Peak (weekdays) and Off-Peak (Saturday and Sunday).
Plan description : Peak calls are 9¢ per minute and Off-Peak, 5¢. Online billing is required (no paper bills are available with this plan).

Calling plan : One Rate Weekends

Type : Two-rate plan
Monthly fee : $4.95
Rate periods included : Peak (weekdays) and Off-Peak (Saturday and Sunday).
Plan description : Peak calls are 7¢ and Off-Peak, 5¢.

Calling plan : 5¢ Nights

Type : Two-rate plan
Monthly fee : None. $5 minimum monthly usage requirement.
Rate periods included : Peak (7 a.m.-7 p.m.) and Off-Peak (7 p.m.-7 a.m.)
Plan description : Peak calls are 10¢ and Off-Peak, 5¢.

BIG ZOO Toll Free Number : None • www.bigzoo.com

Calling plan : BigZooLong Distance Service

Type : Online prepaid one-rate plan
Monthly fee : 75¢
Rate periods included : All
Plan description : Calls in the continental U.S. are 2.9¢ (local access); 3.9¢ (toll free access). (Calls to Hawaii and Alaska are 16.3¢ per minute. Calls cannot be placed from Hawaii or Alaska.) You sign up on the company’s web site (see above) and pay using a credit or debit card. Payphone calls are subject to a 55¢ charge. You can view all of your calling activity by signing in to your account on BigZoo’s web site. For first-time users, the minimum amount is $5; on subsequent recharges, the minimum is $10. BigZoo PINs expire six months from the date of purchase or last recharge, whichever is more recent. Note: some of the international rates show below have been rounded to the nearest 1/10th of a cent.
Australia: 5.9¢ for most continental calls (to a cell phone, 32.4¢)
Brazil: 17.4¢ (to a cell phone, 35.4¢)
Canada: 4.4¢
England: 4.5¢
Mexico (Mexico City): 11.9¢
Taiwan: 6.5¢; 5.4¢ (Taipei) (to a cell phone, 15.4¢)

Energy Savers has the expertise to ensure that the energy decisions you must make will be the right decisions.

In today’s business climate, large energy users must make informed choices about how energy is delivered, used and managed. To do otherwise risks hard-earned profits. Energy Savers has the expertise to ensure that the energy decisions you must make will be the right decisions.

Energy Savers manages the procurement and delivery of energy to our clients’ locations. We manage price exposure and volatility, and we ensure budget integrity. Our powerful range of services is customized to meet your unique energy needs. The result is improved profitability and price security.

We work for you! We strive to understand your unique risk profile, pricing objectives and energy uses. We develop, implement, and maintain a dynamic strategic plan to manage and reduce your energy costs.

Energy Savers is an independent, employee-owned company. Our independence allows us to be a strong advocate for you with the various players in the energy industry: utilities, pipelines, commodity suppliers, financial institutions, regulators and vvendors.

Our client base is large and diversified with locations across the entire country.

Energy procurement and delivery are complex, risky activities. The right choices result in reliable, economic energy services. The wrong choices can leave you with higher costs or, worse yet.

with no energy at all. Energy Savers manages the complex process of moving your energy from where it is produced to where it is needed.

We build long-lasting relationships with our clients in order to better understand your business challenges. We view ourselves as a member of your team, focused on your bottom line.

Our business approach works. We have a 97% client retention rate. A recent national energy marketer survey conducted by Mastio and Associates rated Energy Savers “No. 1 in Customer Satisfaction.”

with no energy at all. Energy Savers manages the complex process of moving your energy from where it is produced to where it is needed.

We build long-lasting relationships with our clients in order to better understand your business challenges. We view ourselves as a member of your team, focused on your bottom line.

Our business approach works. We have a 97% client retention rate. A recent national energy marketer survey conducted by Mastio and Associates rated Energy Savers “No. 1 in Customer Satisfaction.”

ENERGY SAVERS PORTFOLIO OF SERVICES

Supply Management

The complexities of acquiring and managing natural gas, electricity and other fuels for your facility can be challenging. What options are best for you? How can your energy costs be minimized and your reliability maximized? Energy Savers offers the following services to address these issues;

· Energy Procurement – Are you getting the best energy price? The energy delivery chain (supply/generation, transport/transmission, distribution) is complex—with minimal price transparency. Energy Savers develops competitive options so that you get the best value in cost and reliability.

· Logistics Management – Did you know your energy costs can be reduced by cutting out the middleman? Energy Savers can purchase supply on your behalf directly from the source where energy costs are lowest, arrange transportation to get the energy to your facility, and manage the required nominations, scheduling and balancing. The net result is a lower energy cost for you.

· Bill Review – Are you confident that your utility bills are correct? Energy’s Savers bill verification process will verify that your utility invoices are correct. We review billing rates and usage.

Tariff Review – Many clients are surprised to learn that they are not on the lowest-cost utility tariff for which they qualify. Our utility experts can review tariff options and recommend the best alternative for your facility.

· Cost and Usage Reporting – Do you have a reporting system that provides timely energy cost and usage reporting for your facilities? Energy Savers can provide you with this information through our web-based Consolidated Energy Reporting System.

Sales Tax Exemption – Are you paying unnecessary sales tax? Industrial customers typically are not required to pay sales tax on energy consumed in the manufacturing process. But many do! Energy Savers will ensure that you do not pay more than required.

PRICE RISK MANAGEMENT

Energy prices are extremely volatile! Natural gas prices can range from $2.00 to well above $15.00 per MMBtu. Electric prices can range from 2 cents to 90 cents per kilowatt hour. Can your enterprise tolerate this degree of price volatility and risk?

Energy Savers works with each client to design and implement a customized Price Management Plan. The plan explicitly identifies potential natural gas and electric

price exposure and defines a strategy that incorporates each client’s pricing objectives and risk tolerances. Our client-specific price management approach results in a risk management strategy that meets your goals such as securing product margins, meeting budget targets and controlling price volatility

Clients should make informed decisions. Consistent with that objective, we provide clients with technical and fundamental analysis, periodic expert presentations and an annual energy conference focusing on timely energy issues

Plant Site Development

Whether you are developing a new facility or expanding an existing facility, the energy infra-structure and contracting decisions you make can determine the success of your enterprise. Maximizing competition between potential energy providers will result in a stronger bottom line for you.

We analyze the energy costs for potential new sites for your business, and give you objective advice related to infrastructure facilities such as gas lines, on-site fuel systems, substations and on-site generation. We negotiate with utilities, pipelines and suppliers to arrive at the best pricing and reliability possible.

Energy Savers is experienced in obtaining economic development rate discounts, tax exemptions, rebates and other special incentives for our clients. We can also provide you with expert advice on ways to reduce energy costs and improve efficiency in your facilities.

Why Energy Savers?

Energy Savers exists to save money for our clients.

Think of Energy Savers as a member of your organization. Our role is to deliver value to your bottom line. We bring peace of mind through well-informed energy decisions.

OUR BIAS IS YOU

Energy Savers is not owned or affiliated with any other company. We are 100% employee-owned. Our independence allows us to provide objective energy advice. Our fee structure removes the concern of hidden costs and bias toward a specific supplier or fuel.

EXPERT STAFF

We recruit employees with outstanding reputations for knowledge, integrity and service. Our employees bring experience from a wide variety of companies—utilities, pipelines, wholesale/retail commodity suppliers, financial institutions and industrial equipment suppliers. This depth of experience gives us an extensive base of in-house expertise. Our professional staff members have, on average, more than 20 years of industry experience.

DATA MANAGEMENT

Management of energy costs begins with obtaining, organizing and tracking cost and usage information. We have developed proprietary software applications that allow complete data warehousing of client information. Our interactive Web site provides our clients with confidential access to this data. This information is used to guide strategies and decisions regarding your energy issues.

WE DELIVER VALUE

We establish long-term relationships with our clients by consistently providing value. Let us show you how we can bring value to your company through energy cost savings, price stability and energy market information.You can be confident that your energy is expertly managed when Energy Savers is on your team.

The New Energy Evolution

Growing markets, new technologies, and geopolitical events are transforming the oil and gas business and reshaping the energy landscape. Today, I’ll explore some of the broader reaches of that landscape and consider the defining factors that promise to influence the role of energy in the 21st Century.

The message I want to leave with you today is that the challenge of supplying energy to the world's economies today and in the future is immense, but there is good reason to be confident about our ability to continue to meet this critical objective.

The evolving changes that are underway in how industry finds and develops new energy supplies are creating a new reality for all of us – a reality that presents significant challenges and places a premium on sound management systems and decision making.

The petroleum industry has demonstrated it is a master of change throughout our history. Collectively, companies in our industry have gone from producing less than three billion barrels of oil equivalent energy in 1930 to supplying nearly 50 billion barrels annually today.

The contributions that we and our predecessors in this industry have made to peoples the world over are even more remarkable when you consider the astonishing benefits this ample, reliable energy supply has brought to societies through greater economic prosperity, improved standards of living, unprecedented mobility, and a kaleidoscope of petroleum and petrochemical products.

The challenge we face, as have our predecessors, is sustaining this record of success in the future. We all know that providing affordable and reliable energy supplies is vital to the progress, prosperity, and well-being of the world’s citizens. At Energy concerns, we understand what it means to take on the world’s toughest energy challenges.

In the coming decades, meeting the expected increase in global energy demand will require a broad portfolio of energy options. At the same time, hydrocarbon fuels – and more particularly oil and gas – are likely to remain the primary energy source through the middle of the century. That said, it is absolutely vital that we pursue policies and actions that reflect the facts and realities of national and international energy markets.

To ensure that we have enough energy in the coming years, we need to avoid wishful thinking. We need to face the energy future realistically and be committed to steps that will address energy issues in practical ways. In my view, it is important for each of us to consider the consequences if we fail to meet the world's need for safe, affordable, and reliable energy.

The petroleum industry is a long-term business. The new supplies of petroleum the world utilizes today is available because of decisions and risk undertaken by our company and others in this industry 5, 10, and even 15 years ago. Similarly, the decisions we make today related to exploration, development, production, transportation, refining, and distribution will likely affect results for many, many years – even decades into the future.

At Energy concerns, we devote substantial resources and effort to recognizing, analyzing, and understanding these long-term dynamics. Though we never claim an ability to predict the future, we are always working to identify and analyze the trends and issues most likely to affect the long-term world energy environment. Through this effort, we develop a planning framework based on what we see as the outlook for energy.

Each year, my company updates our outlook for future energy demand and supply. We measure our views against those of others, including the International Energy Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy. There is a well-established relationship between energy demand growth and economic growth. You cannot have economic growth without reliable, affordable energy supplies.

Among other things, we look at global population trends, as the number of energy uses is obviously important in determining how much energy we will need. A quarter century from now, the world's population is expected to be about 8 billion people – 30 percent higher than today. Ninety-five percent of the increase will occur in developing countries. Developing countries are also expected to growth their economies about two times faster than industrialized countries. Some 85 percent of the world's population live in developing countries, where GDP per capita is only 6 percent of that in the developed world.

Some 1.6 billion people have no access to electricity, 18 percent lack access to safe drinking water and 2.8 billion are without proper sanitation. This presents all of us in the global community with opportunities and responsibilities. While today the developing world represents a little more than a quarter of the world GDP, by 2020 its share will rise to more than a third.

All in all, we believe global economic growth will continue at just under 3 percent per year, or roughly the same pace as the past 20 years. We expect global demand for all forms of energy to grow at about 1.7 per year on average, rising more than 50 percent from about 220 million oil-equivalent barrels per day currently to 335 million oil-equivalent barrels daily by 2030. That is a huge amount of energy beyond what we use today. To put that in perspective, such an increase in oil-equivalent demand would be about ten times the current output of Saudi Arabia.

Oil and gas will continue to be the world’s primary sources of energy through 2030, accounting for about 60 percent of the energy supply. For oil, we expect an average annual growth rate of about 1.5 percent through 2030 driven by transportation demand. Oil is used for everything from the fuel that goes into cars, trucks, airplanes, and ships to the asphalt in the roadways and runways.

We also expect ongoing shifts in oil demand growth among regions in the world. For example, oil demand in the mature markets of North America, Western Europe, and Japan is forecast to grow on average at less than half a percent per year.

On the other hand, China – which had growth in oil demand of about 15 percent in 2004, accounting for almost one-third of the increase in global oil demand last year – has a much higher long-term growth rate, closer to 4 percent per year on average, and a large part of that growth will come in the transportation sector. At that rate, China will represent about 14 percent of world oil demand by 2030 – twice its share today.

So the demand growth for oil will continue at a steady pace globally, but the centroid is beginning to shift from North America and Europe to the East, primarily driven by transportation and concentrated in Asia Pacific.

We see demand for natural gas rising over 2 percent per year, increasing to a 25 percent share of total energy by 2030. Because gas is both economically and environmentally attractive, it is a preferred fuel for power generation in many markets. This has made natural gas the fastest-growing source of conventional energy.

Now some people might assume that, as an oil company, we may have simply extrapolated "business as usual" and ignored the potential for efficiency in energy alternatives. But that is not the case. In fact, our outlook includes ongoing gains in energy efficiency offsetting growth in demand about 1 percent per year based upon such things as aggressive assumptions for the introduction of advanced vehicles, particularly hybrids here in the United States.

We've assumed solar and wind, with continued mandates and subsidies, will grow at a 10 percent annual rate – or more than five times as fast as hydrocarbon energy supplies.

Nevertheless, the world’s growing economies and transportation needs will result in continued demand for petroleum – a plentiful, reliable, affordable, and easily transportable form of energy. Just as important as the global increase in the energy demand will be the location of the natural resources to meet that energy need. Europe and North America will continue to have substantial energy resources available within their regions, but both will increasingly draw upon imports. The energy supplies that these consuming areas will use will increasingly come from the Middle East and Africa, as well as Russia and the Caspian.

The interdependence of these future energy movements between supplying countries and consuming countries both for oil and increasingly for liquefied natural gas – will raise important issues for ensuring energy development in less-industrialized and in some cases less politically stable areas of the world.

As an aside, I recognize that there is a perception by some in the United States that this country can achieve energy independence. In my view, that expectation is unrealistic. But more importantly, holding that view can be counterproductive. It can distract us from focusing on the reality of the need to deal with U.S. interdependence in the global energy market – an interdependence that will persist well into the future.

Moreover, there is just no escaping the fundamentals of the way energy consumption is currently met. And that is that about 80 percent of the energy requirements in 2030 will be met by fossil fuels, reflecting their scale, cost-competitiveness, and flexibility. But the challenge of providing adequate energy will be considerable, even for those of us who have witnessed the industry's remarkable progress and success over time. Finding and producing these supplies will require a tremendous effort that will occupy the best minds in our industry for a generation.

While alternative forms of energy will make more of a contribution to energy supply over this period, even with the expected double-digit growth rates for wind and solar energy, driven primarily by government subsidies and mandates, their contribution to global energy needs will still be in the 1 percent range by 2030. Now some will ask if we might be understating the roles for solar or wind or hydrogen in our outlook. I can understand the question, because these and biofuels have huge federal subsidies designed to accelerate their market penetration.

There are several reasons behind our view of these alternative energy sources. Ethanol from corn, for example, is neither an economic nor an energy-efficient choice. Moreover, it relies on using significant land areas – land that would otherwise go to food crops or forest cover.

To give you some perspective, if we tried to replace just 10 percent of the gasoline the United States will use in 2020 with corn-based ethanol, we would need to plant an area equivalent to Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio just to grow the grain needed as feedstock. The difficulty of that can be appreciated when you realize that this area is about one-sixth of the land we currently use in the United States for growing crops.

Solar and wind have other challenges. Wind power is usually more expensive than power supplied via fossil fuels using today's technologies, though its costs can be competitive under ideal conditions.

It is constrained by being site-limited, intermittent, and subject to growing objections due to its undesirable visual and noise impacts on the landscape. Solar power is an energy source of significant potential. But it is currently far more expensive than fossil fuels. It also suffers from being intermittent. After all, the sun does go down every day.

And what about hydrogen? Let me say that the jury is still out on hydrogen's long-term potential. But a few points are important for consideration. First, hydrogen is not an energy source. It does not exist freely in nature. Before it can be used as a fuel, it must be separated from something else, such as oil or natural gas or water. Liberating hydrogen from oil and gas is well understood, but is expensive, and the process requires considerable energy. Liberating hydrogen from water is also understood, but it is even more expensive and energy consuming.

And then there is the matter of new infrastructure to efficiently get such a new fuel into the broad consumer marketplace. We do not yet have practical and economic ways to make hydrogen available for use as a fuel in cars, trucks and buses. It does not have the inherent energy contained in an equal volume of petroleum, it is not easily stored, and there is today no fuels infrastructure to generate, distribute, and dispense it. Additionally, the potential risks associated with widespread use of hydrogen by the consuming public need to be highlighted, evaluated, and dealt with to ensure safe use.

I have recited these various practical issues because they are often overlooked by well-intentioned people who, while genuinely concerned about the environment and our energy future, do not always consider or understand the complexity and scale of the energy system.

What all of this means – and without disparaging the importance of working on alternative energy approaches – is that for decades to come the key issue in energy will be how to find and produce sufficient conventional energy to support global economic activity and prosperity for a growing world population.

Our immediate and ongoing task is to replace the decline in existing production from established and mature producing areas. To give you an example, today, the established production areas in North America, Europe and parts of Latin America and the Far East supply about 80 percent of Energy concerns's production. By 2010, this proportion will fall to about 60 percent.

We must add additional supply capacity to both replace the decline in current production plus meet a continual growth in demand for oil and natural gas. The search for these new supplies has led my company and others to largely undeveloped and physically challenging parts of the world.

Some of these areas are remote from major consuming markets and lack sufficient infrastructure to build new bases for long-term operations. Others are even more challenging and have no transportation system to move produced volumes to the market. The places where most new production will come from are increasingly in countries where we in the private sector have not historically operated.

Though these realities make doing business more challenging in many ways, they can all be successfully addressed by applying the proper business fundamentals and by playing to the traditional strengths of our companies and our industry. In the case of Energy concerns, production from the growth areas of Africa, the Middle East, Russia and the Caspian will increase from 20 percent of today’s volumes to about 40 percent of 2010 volumes.

All the international oil companies are pursuing large, high-quality resources – all are looking for petroleum in areas that offer the promise of new discoveries and future production. But since its inception, the petroleum industry has faced and overcome challenges that at the time may have seemed insurmountable. And today, we have a new set of technical and geopolitical challenges. Many of the new resources are in ever-deeper water and more-difficult environments ranging from arctic conditions to jungle conditions and distant from the major consuming markets.

For example, we are working to produce oil in the Caspian Sea, which is both relatively remote to major fabrication facilities and ice-bound during several winter months. This area is only slightly more hospitable than the conditions we face in developing our project offshore Sakhalin Island in the Far North East of Russia. And offshore Africa, we routinely discover oil in many thousands of feet of water.

The response to these new challenges is technology. Technology is the lifeblood of our ability to pursue opportunities in new geographic locations and ever-harsher climates. My own company’s approach and business strategies are underpinned by a strong commitment to technology and our belief that technology is vital in rising to the challenge of providing reliable and affordable energy supplies to the world. Technical advances in both exploration and production have underpinned our industry-leading success in finding more resources and in producing them economically.

As a corporation, we spend about $600 million a year on research and development across the whole range of technical disciplines. This investment advances emerging technologies that will have a significant and lasting impact on our corporation and the industry. These advances are necessary to lower the cost of resource finding and development, reduce risk in investment decisions and provide safer, more-reliable operations.

For example, in Qatar, the integration of our new technology into project planning and execution has led to a substantial reduction in the cost of producing and transporting liquefied natural gas, allowing this new source of energy supply to become economic for markets here in the U.S. Further advances in large new ship designs will soon significantly lower the cost of delivery, opening up more markets in which these resources can compete.

The years ahead present significant challenges as we work to increase the world’s production base and to maintain the financial strength required to pursue these important opportunities. The shift to new areas with evolving relationships and roles, and to resources that pose increased technological demands, are challenges the industry has faced before.

However, the history of our industry and the experience of my company in adjusting to such changes in technology, geopolitics, market forces, and social expectations convince me to remain optimistic.

But it is essential to understand that for the next several decades the United States and the rest of the world will need increasing amounts of oil and gas to meet energy needs and to underpin economic growth.

What are the geopolitical and national political implications of that reality?

First and foremost, the rest of the world and the United States will increasingly need energy from the Middle East. This is not a matter of ideology or politics – it is simply inevitable. By some estimates, about 50 percent of proved worldwide oil and gas reserves reside in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia alone has about one-fifth of the world’s oil reserves. We need to accept the reality of this rather than undertake expensive and risky steps trying to avoid it.

Without question, the key to managing the risks for America’s and the world’s energy future is to broaden the base of geographic locations from which we get our oil and gas. There are other regions that will be increasingly important as suppliers of petroleum. Sub-Saharan Africa will be one of these, as will Russia and the Caspian. Very heavy oil from Venezuela is also an important source.

As a country, we need to think carefully about the nature of our relationships with countries in these regions, as well as those in the Middle East. We will also need to muster the political will, based on a realistic energy outlook, to allow further development of the energy resources to be found right here in the United States. This includes those that may be offshore California and Florida, in the Rocky Mountains and in northern Alaska.

If we do not explore and develop energy from prospective areas here in the United States, the consequence will be even greater dependence on energy from areas such as the Middle East. We must remain committed to use energy more efficiently by ensuring that competitive markets are in place to provide the necessary free-market incentives.

The energy industry must have not only the incentive, but also timely and visible government support, for investment in new regasification and pipeline facilities. For example, we must ensure that liquefied natural gas, commonly called LNG, can be brought to this country to meet growing natural gas demand.

The energy investments required to meet the world’s growing demand will be huge. The International Energy Agency estimates about $200 billion in investment will be needed each year to develop and supply the oil and gas that the world will need through 2030. My company can and will do much to contribute in this massively important effort. And we recognize the expectations of us by the public.

Since its inception, my company has worked to conduct its business in keeping with the highest standards of corporate citizenship.

Today, after more than 120 years since its founding and with operations in more than 200 countries and territories, my company must continue to do many things well to remain a successful global organization.

We understand our responsibility to create sustainable shareholder value, continuously improve our operations, and provide a wide range of quality products to our customers. We also recognize the public's interest in the many ways that we affect the communities and societies where we have operations.

In managing the corporation's day-to-day activities throughout the world, we work to ensure that our operations are safe, reliable, and environmentally responsible. And in keeping with our long-standing and clearly stated approach to ethics, we are committed to honesty, candor, and integrity in reporting our business results to shareholders and the public.

As the world's largest private energy supplier, our primary responsibility to society is to do our job well. We believe that the role we play in providing energy for a growing world economy helps improve living conditions for all peoples and is perhaps the most tangible expression of our deep commitment to corporate citizenship at its best.

Today's petroleum industry operates in a fiercely competitive global marketplace.

As I said at the outset, the challenge of supplying energy for the future of our world is immense – but there is good reason to be confident about our ultimate success.

When I look to the future, I can only wonder at what challenges and new solutions through technology await the petroleum industry in the 21st Century.

But this much is certain: Energy concerns will be there to address any challenge and to serve responsibly by taking on the world’s toughest energy challenges.

Thank you for your attention.